Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Does violence on televison lead to violence in real life? Essay

The debate on television violence has been on going for many years now and has produced a wide and varied set of views and research results. Many well established psychologists have attempted, through various types of experiments and observations, to either support or negate a link between violence on television and the violent episodes in â€Å"real† life. These sets of data have thrown up some interesting views and personal conclusions regarding the subject of television violence, and we will show the varying views and conclusions that some of these psychologists have reached; and by using a respected and well known system we will try to show the views of a small section of our community. Previous research into the link between violence and television Over the years numerous psychologists have produced thousands of experiments and or research to support or negate the link between violence and television. In 1987 a psychologist named Cumberbatch produced data on the actual amounts of violence found to be in British television programmes. He concluded that 30% of the programmes contained some form of violence, with an overall frequency of 1.14 violent acts per programme and 1.68 violent acts per hour. Each act of violence lasted an average 25 seconds leading to violence occupying just over 1% of total television airtime. His research showed that in 26% of violent acts death occurred, but in 61% no injuries were shown and the victim was portrayed as being in pain or stunned. In 83% of cases, no blood was shown as a result of a violent act, and considerable blood and gore occurred in only 0.2% of cases. Cumberbatch also revealed that most perpetrators of violent acts were more likely to be portrayed as â€Å"baddies† rather than â€Å"goodies†, and violence occurred twice as frequently in law breaking than in law-upholding contexts. His research, although neither for or against violence on television, gives us an idea of the amount of violence on television we are exposed to. Howitt and Cumberbatch in 1974 analysed 300 studies of television violence and it’s direct effect on children’s behaviour, they played down the link between television violence and the children’s behaviour. A further study into the relationships between the media and violence carried out by Eron 1987and Phillips 1986 found a different conclusion. They concluded that a positive correlation between the amount of aggression viewed at 8 and later aggression at 30 could be seen. George Gerbner (1989) researched television and its influences on human behaviour and said: † Television influences human behaviour because there are â€Å"routes† or mechanisms whereby the content of television can have an effect on what we do, and how we act. Thus, part of televisions influence comes about because of how we learn (by observation and imitation), because of how we respond to certain kinds of story material (arousal/desensitisation), and because of the structure of our inhibitions and the way television provides the kind of stimulation necessary to release them (disinhibition). I called these behavioural mechanisms, because for the most part the influence was shown on some activity† (p128 The Psychology of Television) Aletha Huston (university of Kansas 1989) studied the effects of television violence on children’s behaviour and stated: † Children who watch violent television programmes, even ‘just funny’ cartoons, were more likely to hit out at their playmates, argue, disobey class rules, leave tasks unfinished, and were less willing to wait for things than those who watched the non violent programmes.†(p 142 The Psychology of Television) We can see from the varying studies, different results and opinions of these psychologists just how hard it can be to support or negate a link between violence on television and in real life. How the questionnaires were prepared in class In a classroom environment we produced a questionnaire on peoples opinions relating to the link between television violence and real life. The class split into small groups of three or four and discussed possible questions to add to the questionnaire, trying to have a balance of pro television and anti television questions. The individual group questions were discussed and eight questions picked to make up the actual questionnaire, these questions consisted of four pro television and four anti television, the questions were set out so an anti television was followed by a pro television question. The obvious reason for the split into pro and anti television is to try and produce a questionnaire that will give the people taking part a non-biased set of alternate answers. The questions we decided on where as follows: 1. Violence on TV causes certain people to copy those actions in real life 2. People understand TV is not real life and have no wish to copy what they see 3. Children often act out violence from TV especially cartoons 4. Violence in playgrounds is not influenced by TV 5. Violence is sensationalised in TV soaps to boost ratings 6. Violence in soap story lines is vital to keep viewers interested 7. News programmes use to much graphic violence 8. Graphic violence is needed in the media to show reality in news stories To measure these results we required a scale, this scale is known as the Likert questionnaire scale and was devised in the 1930s, and it works on the principle of asking the question and then giving the subject five possible answers, strongly agree, moderately agree, unsure, moderately disagree and strongly disagree (the first two and last two can be reversed) Questions one, two, five and six were prepared using the answer scale, 1: strongly agree, 2: moderately agree, 3 unsure, 4: moderately disagree and 5: strongly disagree. Questions three, four, seven and eight were prepared using the answer scale, 1: strongly disagree, 2: moderately disagree, 3: unsure, 4: moderately agree and 5: strongly agree. The reason for this is to prevent untrue answers and is explained in the next section. Why are there anomalies in preparation and analysis When preparing the questionnaire we realised that we could possibly encounter problems in the way people would answer the stated questions, the Likert scale is specifically designed to prevent this. For example we could encounter people who would pick only their favourite number and pay no attention to the questions being asked, or people would stick to the left side or right side of each column. The way the scale is set out at the moment both someone who is anti and someone who is pro television would both score the same, 24, and somebody who is unsure of every question asked would score 24 as well. Also a person who sticks to only one side of the scale, say the right side, would score a maximum of 40. This would not form a very interesting conclusion and people’s true views would be unknown so we have to alter the scale to produce interesting results, we alter only the scale and not the actual answers. To alleviate these problems the scale has to go through slight changes when we have all the necessary data, but we must emphasise that only the scores are changed and not any of the actual answers given by the participants After we have made these changes it can be seen that we now have a set of interesting results with definite pro and anti opinions and the people who have not completed the questionnaire correctly have no bearing on the result. How the data was analysed To analyse all the data collected from the questionnaires we needed to produce a graph of all the answers. This table would show in detail how the subjects of the questionnaire answered our eight questions and, when we alter the scale, would provide us with evidence of the pro and anti television feeling. The graph shows all the answers to the questionnaire and also shows the changes made, the numbers in red show how we have altered the value for the actual answer e.g. question 1 answer 1 has now become question 1 answer 5 etc Summary results of questionnaire To find the pro and anti television views of our subjects we needed to work out the over all percentages, these were found by the mathematical processes below: 1. Strongly pro television: value 1 (79) divided by the number of participants (520) multiplied by 100 to give us 15.19% 2. Moderately pro television: value 2, 113/520 x 100 = 21.73% 3. Unsure: value 3, 45/520 x 100 = 8.65% 4. Moderately anti television: value 4, 181/520 x 100 = 34.81% 5. Strongly anti television: value 5, 102/520 x 100 = 19.62% These results show that 54.43% of the people who participated in our questionnaire are moderately or strongly anti television, compared to 36.92% who are moderately or strongly pro television. Other theories for the cause of aggressive behaviour Although the debates still continue on the links between television and aggressive behaviour, other links have been researched and their findings well documented. Probably the most well known person to document his findings on aggressive behaviour was Sigmund Freud (1856-1939); he had a psychoanalytical approach and stated that we all have innate instincts in the form of something called Eros (the seeking of pleasure and self-preservation) and Thanatos (a tendency to self destruct) He tells us that this tension can often lead to the Thanatos being projected outwardly and onto others. Freud stated that the need for displaying aggression comes as naturally as the need for food, drink and sex. The aggressive instinct can be displaced through cathartic activities such as sport. Megargee (1966) supported Freud in his findings and found that crimes are often committed by over controlled individuals who, over a period of time, have repressed their anger. Another approach to this topic was Lorenz’s ethological approach, his hydraulic model claimed that ‘aggressive energy builds up gradually over a period of time and needs to be released periodically.’ Lorenz (1966) stated that aggression is connected with our need to be adaptive, to fit in and survive within our environment. Dollard et al (1939) adopted a very different approach, the frustration-aggression hypothesis. This hypothesis claimed that aggression is always a consequence of frustration and the existence of frustration always leads to aggression. Dollard et al view aggression as innate and in doing so agree with the findings of Freud and Lorenz, but, say it would only take place in particular opportune circumstances. Aggression could possibly be delayed or it could be aimed at a third party, a scapegoat. It is as if the mind thinks things through and only acts when the time is perceived to be right, or is advantageous. Another view is that of Berkowitz (1966) who says we rely on certain cues to trigger our responses. Frustration leads to anger, which is different from actual aggression, the frustration cues a readiness to act. Then only an environmental cue will actually trigger aggression. This theory is somewhat similar to the frustration-aggression hypothesis but it has the intermediary response that takes the form of anger, something has to come along that tips us over the edge. Bandura (1961, 1963, 1965, 1973, 1994) produced a theory on social learning. He claimed that aggressive behaviour was learned through observation, imitation and reinforcement of aggressive models. Even non-tangible reinforcements such as the words † be tough† can have the same effect. Bibliography Course notes R Walters & P J Daly 2003 The psychology of Television John Condry

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Brain Drain Essay

When highly qualified experts like scientists, engineers, doctors and oft trained persons migrate from under-developed countries and settle down: advanced countries, their migration is called â€Å"Brain Drain†. This problem is not peculiar to India alone. It is being faced by almost all the developing country of the world. Brain drain results in direct loss to the underdeveloped and poor countries who train these experts at a great cost. When these experts migrate to advance countries, such countries stand to gain because they get the services of the experts without having had to spend anything on their training. There are a number of factors responsible for brain drain in India. First of all, India lacks job opportunities. When, after completing higher studies, people do not get any employment in India, they start looking forward to advance countries for jobs. India lacks facilities for advanced research. Most of the students who go abroad for higher research do not return t o India. They are offered lucrative jobs so that they may stay on in advanced countries and give these countries the benefit of their research. India is endowed with vast natural resources like oil, gas, coal, iron ore, gypsum, diamonds, uranium etc. There is no doubt that if these natural resources are exploited in full, India can become one of the developed countries of the world. The Indian experts, whom we lose every year, can stay on in India and help in the development and exploitation of natural resources. Even those experts who have already settled in foreign countries could be lured back to India so that they can help India to become a great power in the world. This problem cannot be solved without the co-operation of the people. The parents of the students should discourage their sons and daughters from going abroad even if they are offered lucrative jobs. Our political leaders should be serious about this problem, and they should set a personal example by preventing their children from going abroad and settling there. All the doctors, scientists and engineers should realise that they owe some duty to their country. Our country spends lakhs of rupees on their training. They should have a feeling of gratitude to their country. Our Government has also been inviting, from time to time, the scientists, engineers, technicians, academicians and even non-resident Indian businessmen, settled abroad, to return to India and help  in the fast industrialization and development of their motherland. They have also been offered a lot of incentives to set up their own industries in India.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Reflection 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Reflection 3 - Essay Example 2. My top three scores are Ambassador, Truth-seeker and Creative Builder which are all 21 points out of 25. This means that most of my strengths are on being diplomatic and allowing people to settle things before they get worst and on allowing them to realize their potentials. It is also important for me to be fair and for people to be the same on the basis of justice. It is also helpful that I find ways to solve things and look for new things and to improve them. This is basically what could be my leadership legacy. These are not bad qualities which I hope to improve by building more relationships and analytical process of solving things. 3. Daniel leadership style is effective in accordance to the Path-Goal Theory because he incorporates the connection of the demands that the task will require in relation to the kind of employees that he has. A good example of this is how he has categorized the types of work into two, namely, duplicating and publishing. Those who he assigned to duplicate documents do not require much skill and this is where the part-time students would be more effective since their main focus is on their respective courses. Those who are working under desktop publishing are more skilled than the other workers because their job requires time and more tedious work including creativity. Daniel as a leader is able to motivate the employees because they know that they are working under someone who has a concern for them. He is able to coach them when they need help, like in a software problem, guide them in the completion of their jobs and direct them when the same is necessary. Knowing that they can talk to their boss motivates the employees. Daniel’s work in The Copy Center makes him mindful of the character of the task and the capabilities of the subordinates makes for an effective leadership style that he

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Discussion 2 Week 7 New Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion 2 Week 7 New - Assignment Example Even with cooperating firms, game theory helps in safeguarding their prospects from being taken advantage of regarding own prices viz-a-viz â€Å"added value." This is a strategy used by airlines to charge higher prices for seats to travel during peak seasons, during holidays and/or during certain yearly/crucial events to certain parts of the world, for instance, the Muslims’ travel to Mecca for the Hajj pilgrimage. This pricing strategy often lowers the demand for the airlines tickets by limiting the number of those that can afford such expensive fares (Doganis, 2005). However, the strategy generally increases profits to such firms. In this strategy, customers are charged differently based on their willingness to pay viz-a-viz the extent of service offered. Travelling in First class seats cost usually costs more, double or multiple times the cost of other seats due to the added comfort like superior services and/or added special snacks/features (Belobaba, Odoni, & Barnhart, 2009). It is more a profit maximizing strategy than a demand related

Saturday, July 27, 2019

The Critique of a Published Research Article Essay

The Critique of a Published Research Article - Essay Example Research is not a novel filled with literary illusions, but rather it is an activity filled with search and solution. The primary criteria for good scientific research writing are accuracy and clarity. The first step toward clarity is good organization that permits readers to read the report as they would any coherent narrative. Empirical research, in particular, is at the core of many fields of study. Because of the nature and importance of empirical research, it is essential that researchers have the necessary skills required to conduct objective empirical research projects specifically related to their topics of study. Furthermore, research results should be based on observed and measured phenomena; results should be derived from knowledge, from actual experience rather than from theory or belief. An essential ‘ingredient’ would be the article and/or abstract that would allow the reader to scan the article for a quick overview of the topic of discussion, or to locate specific information by turning directly to the relevant section of research interest. The purpose of this assignment is to provide critique in respect of the published empirical research article; ‘Collaborative Learning Enchances Critical Thinking’. More specifically, the empirical research project focused on the analyses conducted to demonstrate and confirm the benefits and enhancement of students’ ability to learn as a result of collaborative learning when compared to individual learning.

You choose a topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

You choose a topic - Essay Example But studies in the recent few years have associated the mobile phone with undesirable behavior especially among the youth and college students who are found to be on their phones for at least nine hours in a single day. This raises the question especially among behavioral scientists of whether mobile phone usage can become addictive. Even with the numerous advantages, mobile phone usage increasingly being associated with behaviors which are harmful to health and with the potential of being disturbing. Research for instance has associated the use of cell phones while driving with accidents. A wide of body of information is available to suggest the use of cell phones while on the wheel reduces ones capacity to be attentive even in cases there are hands-free devices. Many countries have even gone ahead to ban the use of phones while driving but many people still continue with the habit. In an ironic turn there is evidence of phones turning from their important role of supporting social exchanges to an object obstructing the same. Just many people have found themselves in instances where their mobile phone usage has disturbed their good social exchange. As such, just like smoking the use of mobile phones is increasingly receiving bans in public places e.g. in libraries. On the overall cell phone usage is increasingly becoming associated with antisocial and potentially dangerous behaviors as well as the uncontrollable usage and signs of dependence. it is for these reasons that researchers and clinical practitioners must be aware of the availability of instruments to measure problematic use, socio-demographic and psychological factors thought to play a significant role in mobile phone addiction. Phones were initially solely for communities purposes in terms of calls but the emergence of smart phones allows wider usage of the gadgets. People can now access the internet

Friday, July 26, 2019

Development program in your public or non-profit organization Essay

Development program in your public or non-profit organization - Essay Example The second step is linking the desired business outcomes with the behavior of the employee so that they know their work, their capability, or whether they are motivated to do it. The employer needs to identify the desired competencies by collecting relevant information on the training. Third, identifying the trainable competencies is necessary, as not every competence is trainable. Evaluation of the competencies for the employees is an important step for any training through such methods as competency evaluation and tests. Using performance surveys will help in the evaluation of the employees competencies. The other step is to determine the performance gaps to establish the number of employees who need training and identifying the Cause of the gap. The employees that fall below the set standard would require training to improve their skills. The next step is to prioritize training needs for the employees by determining the percentage of the workforce needing training (Pynes, 2013). Next step will be to determine how to train using the appropriate methods such as Mentoring and coaching, use of books, use of the Web, or a classroom setting. Other training methods are the use of conferences and university programs. Another step is conducting a cost-benefits analysis and measure the cost of training method against the effectiveness of the method. As the one in charge of the training, there is the need to strike a balance between the cost of training method and its ability to give the desired results. Finally, there is the planning for training evaluation was effective and whether the trai nees retained the content learned. The training should improve the employees performance and competencies for the profitability of the business. The main objective of the training is to impact the basic knowledge to the new entrants to the organization. The next objective is to assist the employees to work more effectively in their current position by giving them the best

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Does the new 21st century transformational form of super leader simply Essay

Does the new 21st century transformational form of super leader simply represent the reemergence of traitbased theories of leadership - Essay Example Eventually concentrating on the three main ideas of leadership: Trait theory, Situational or behavioral theory, and Transformational theory, this essay will compare and contrast these ideas in order to discover whether modern ideas of super-leadership is really a 21st century innovation. The first part of this essay will look at the history of leadership, and consider how these theories changed over time, and how they were affected by the politics of the day - whether Weber's hero-based theories fall out of favor because of "charismatic" leaders such as Hitler and Stalin, for example. The essay will then consider the two prime theories of leadership prior to the 1970's; trait theory, and situational theory. Through analysis of all of these historical theories, it is hoped that common perspectives and behaviors might be more clearly seen. Having noted similar themes or behaviors within the historical theories, the next part of the essay will consider transformational leadership, and its development in the twentieth century. Notions of the Super-leader will also be examined. Leadership theories do not just describe leaders of countries, or empires; indeed, leadership theory in the 20th century has also focused upon business leaders; modern theorists consider teachers, football coaches, and even parents, as leaders. There are a great many books written about it also: so anyone who can buy a book from a store can learn the tricks and secrets to being a great leader. Therefore, in order to understand what theorists mean when they are discussing leadership, a definition seems necessary. For the purposes of this essay, leadership is "The effort to influence the behavior of individuals or members of a group in order to accomplish organizational, individual, or personal goals" (National Resources Management, 1997). The main focus of most pre-twentieth century theories of leadership was the monarch, or rulers of countries. Sun-Tzu's theories have already been described: clearly they relate to the idea of a war-lord, or leader with military capability, not the average equipment of the business leader. Rulers were also clearly the object of Machiavelli's work "The Prince"; in his theory, rulers are made great or weak through the popular perception of them: "Whenever men are discussed.they are noted for various qualities which earn them either praise or condemnation" (Machiavelli). In general, he believed

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Leadership Theories and Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership Theories and Practice - Essay Example There could however be a general idea in the minds of every other person who tries to define leadership. At least every one may be thinking of the practice of heading a group of people. With this basic knowledge, McCrimmon (2010) defines a leader as â€Å"a larger-than-life individual in charge of some group - team, company or country.† Quite related to what McCrimmon (2010) states, the Team Technology (2011) posit that â€Å"leadership is setting a new direction or vision for a group that they follow, that is: a leader is the spearhead for that new direction.† One factor that continues to make the acquisition of a single definition to leadership and who a leader is impossible is the fact that different leaders lead their people and run leadership with different styles and theories. This is to say that there seem not to be a single way in which all leaders go about leadership. Leading on, this unevenness and differences in leadership styles and theories bring out a real ization that it is extremely difficult to point out to who a good leader is. This paper therefore attempts to show: by the use of examples of past and present leaders that the most effective leaders are those who are able to apply the most appropriate leadership styles and theories at the right time to get a leadership decision successfully implemented. This stand is taken against the position that effective and good leaders must be judged or identified by virtue of the possession of certain qualities and technical skills. In a book by Daniel Goleman (1995), it was put forth that the traditional qualities associated with leadership- such as intelligence, toughness and possessing certain skills – are required for success, but are insufficient in accurately conveying the abilities of a true leader. There are complex components that have been found to be more crucially associated with effective leadership that go beyond intellectual abilities and technical skills and these compo nents are exactly what this paper seeks to reveal. Different Theories, Different Leaders Theories of leadership have evolved over the years to describe the different ways in which different leaders have ruled and led their people. The diversities associated with these theories point to one fact and that is, there are different leaders. Two of these leadership theories are discussed in this section to proof that effective leadership cannot be generalized but must be based on the kind of leadership theory at use. Trait Theory Debate in literature on whether or not leaders are born continues unabated. In trait theory, Cherry (2011) points out that the trait theory functions on the assumption â€Å"that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership.† For this reason, trait theory sees leadership and for that matter effective leadership from a viewpoint, where leaders are supposed to possess certain behavioral and personality characteristic s in order to be judged as effective or good. Trait theorists would there look for people with certain skills and attributes to take up leadership positions rather than training ordinary persons to take up leadership positions. Some of the traits attributed to great leaders with reference to the trait theory are dominant (desire to influence others), energetic (high activity level), persistent, self-confident, tolerant of stress, adaptable to situations, alert to social environment, ambitious,

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Womens football In England Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Womens football In England - Essay Example This misconceived myth is found to be fairly perpetuated in various football related matters such as club ownership, the coaching personnel involved, the players as well as in several ancillary industries such as the sporting press (Williams, 2003). Women’s football in England cannot be regarded as being a new sport. Historical evidence has shown that there was a representative football match back in 1895 between two women’s football teams drawn from the North and South of London (Hong and Mangan, 2012). During this match, the women that had been drawn from the North of London managed to win the game with a score margin of 7-1 (Grainey, 2012). From the very advent of the sport, women had constantly come under very close scrutiny as a result of the uniform that they were essentially to wear when playing the game. Most of the original orthodox jerseys that these women were essentially made of basic attire and usually comprised of loose blouses and knickers. Although this initial game was relatively highly attended, most of the media was quick to denounce it claiming that the quality of football that was being played by women was definitely poor (Williams, 2003). Criticism for this game was also seen to be expressed by the British Medical Journal which claimed that they could not in any way the needless exposure to violence that the organs of these women players were exposed to during the game although common experience had keenly taught these women to protect these organs (Reilly, Cabri and Araujo, 2005). The number of spectators attending these women’s football games was seen to gradually decrease over time and the press was seen to take great pleasure in proclaiming that the novelty of women playing football had gradually worn off. During the WWI era, as more men were drafted into fighting for the war, women were seen to enter the workforce in large numbers and these women factory workers formed various football teams based on the factories where they worked. This new trend was seen to be actively encouraged by the political establishment who saw it as an avenue that would show that the entire country was essentially functioning normally despite the war (Magee et al, 2007). The various matches played by these factory organized women’s football teams were usually for charities designed to aid in the raising of funds for helping the injured soldiers. The most successful of these factory based teams was the Dick Kerr factory team (Dunmore, 2011). This team won most of its matches and its manager organized for them to play a match against the French National team (Murray, 1998). The Ban on Women Football Due to the support that the Dick Kerr Ladies football team offered the mine workers by playing games to raise money for the striking mine workers after the events of Black Friday where the miners refused to accept the proposed 50% pay cut that was being imposed on them by the mine-owners (Williams, 2007). The gover nment saw this as essentially being a political act, and started a propaganda campaign designed to end women’s football in the country. In December 1921, the Football Association released a press statement in which it denounced women’s football claiming that there had been a wide array of various complaints brought before it ranging from the use of the funds that were usually raised by the games to the conditions under which some of the games had been played (Brackenridge et al, 2005). To further cripple the women’s sport, the FA also prevented all their linesmen as well as referees from officiating in any of these women matches, they also prevented clubs associated with the

Monday, July 22, 2019

Telecommuting Essay Example for Free

Telecommuting Essay Historically, Americans have slavishly followed the corporate structure of working in an office and relaxing at home. In the 1980’s when computers begin to catch on so did the idea of a flexible work arrangement. In researching, one found that the implementation of telecommuting in the workforce has greatly improved the performance of businesses, increased employee satisfaction, and helped the environment. This research is based on historical data recorded from the 1990’s to present day in reference books, journals, and web based articles. This paper intends to expound on the ways telecommuting can be harmful or beneficial in the workplace. Telecommuting refers to workers doing their jobs from home for part of each week and communicating with their office using computer technology. Telecommuting is growing in many countries and is expected to be common for most office workers in the coming decades. This paper will discuss the origins of telecommuting, define the term telecommuting, and predict the future of telecommuting in the U.S. How will society be affected by the growth of telecommuting? One will discuss the benefits and hindering aspects of telecommuting in the work place. Will companies save money initially and hurt their business in the future? Often times before looking to the future it is helpful to glance at the past. States without labor laws relating to homework fall under the jurisdiction of the US Department of labor and its Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938. The work-at-home sourcebook by Lynie Arden discussed how the FLSA initially prohibited seven industries from using home workers. Congresswoman Olympia Snowe of Maine introduced the Home Employment Enterprise Act in the House of Representatives. Congresswoman Snowe told the House, â€Å"cottage industries play a vital role in the economy of the state of Maine, large parts of New England, and other areas of the nation. The independent nature of homework and the unavailability of alternative employment opportunities make working at home ideal. It is time to safeguard the freedom to choose to work at home† (Arden, 4). Before the bill was voted on, prohibitions on industrial homework in five of six industries were lifted by the U.S. Department of Labor in 1989. This along with Alvin Tofflers image of the electric cottage helped change the social construction of the workplace. Between 1980 and 1990 the annual consumption of personal computers rose by approximately 900 percent and expenditures on personal computers rose by 1100 percent (Biocca, 1993: 81). Professional occupations clutched onto the idea of using the computer as a space-flexible work tool. Eventually a new identity was carved out for this employee niche as well. People who work at home are enjoying a newfound respectability. In the early 1980s, many executives shied away from being called home workers. But it is now increasingly accepted behavior. With this acceptance the identity of home workers has changed (Braus, 1993a: 42). Respectability as a computer operator, according to this view, has been regained and has been transferred into the home as well as in the office. Ann McLaughlin, Secretary of Labor, said â€Å"Workforce flexibility is a critical element of our effort to create jobs, enhance the quality of work life for American workers and improve our competitive edge in the world markets. The changing workforce demographics demand that we provide employment opportunities that allow workers the freedom to choose flexible alternatives including the ability to work in one’s own home† (Arden, 5). Politicians with foresight were in tune with the coming change and the introduction of telecommuting into the workforce world. Many people define a telecommuter as anyone who works outside of a traditional office, whether at home, in a satellite office, or even out of a car. The Midway Institute for telecommuting education, a group that consults with businesses by conducting feasibility studies and implementation seminars, defined telecommuting as â€Å"an off-site work arrangement and that permits employees to work in or near their homes for all or part of the work week. Thus they commute to work by telephone and other telecommunications equipment rather than by car or transit† (Shaw, 6). Telecommuters can work from home, work from a telework center, or use a concept called hoteling. When working from home employees may have a home office that may contain the same kind of equipment that you get in a central office. Telework centers are typically satellite offices located some distance from the companys main office. Telework centers have an advantage over home offices in that technology and computer equipment can be shared rather than purchased separately for each telecommuter. Telecommuting employees work a couple of days a week from the telework center on a rotating basis, ensuring that computer terminals and workstations are in constant use. Equipment in home offices lies dormant when the telecommuter comes to work at the main office. Hoteling is a form of telecommuting used most often by sales staff who dont need a fixed desk in an office, but must have somewhere once a week to pick up mail, plug into the companys main database, or meet a client. This employee may check in an office in the north of a region one week, using a vacant desk or conference room for a couple of hours, and telecommute from the southern part of the region the next week. These three kinds of telecommuting are defined by location and structure. Telecommuting can have a downside and is not for everyone. Some people feel isolated without the regular social contact of the office and find it difficult to be motivated. Other obstacles include not being able to stop working at the end of the day, being distracted by the refrigerator or TV, and friends and family that don’t respect work time. There is no direct supervision of teleworkers, which could cause diminished productivity. The remote access needs of telecommuters could cause a security issue depending on the nature of the business. Sometimes removing the presence of a very positive or knowledgeable employee out of the office to telecommute could affect the morale of other team members (Career Builder). There are several reasons why employees and employers are thinking about telecommuting. The number one reason for employees is that people have begun to see that work isnt everything. They want to be better integrated with work and personal lives, and telecommuting is one way to free up more time. Other reasons include the desire to break through the glass ceiling, increased job stability, or just dislike for the traditional corporate structure. Telework give companies another avenue to do their part with reducing air pollution and being compliant with the Clean Air Act mandated by the federal government. One of the largest sources of pollution is the automobile. In heavy traffic automobiles are moving slower and causing even more problem to our environment. In most cities construction is taking place on roads to increase the size to help with this problem, but an even better solution is to encourage people who can to telecommute, so we will not need additional highways, parking lots, and airports in the future. Companies can enhance their recruiting efforts because they are not limited to hiring employees in a specific geographic area. Telecommuting helps companies achieve savings with real estate costs and overhead (Career Builder). Companies can grow without the need to create additional workstations or build new office spaces. The option to telecommute eliminates the number of employees who resign because they want or need to move to a new location. It is predicted that telecommuting will become an increasingly popular work option in many businesses and industries, and its usage is expected to increase in the future due to new innovations in computer and communication technology. This trend is driven by several factors. Linda Shaw, author of Telecommute! Go to Work without Leaving Home, wrote that the labor pool of employees with specific talents will shrink, making employers more willing to make concessions to keep valued employees happy. A smaller labor pool combined with an increasing demand for highly skilled laborers has fueled employee-driven change in working environments. Scarce, highly skilled workers have begun to demand more flexible work arrangements, especially as they choose to live farther and farther from their employers (Shaw 18). Shaw and other observers also note demographic changes within the American work force as a factor in the growth of telecommuting. These analysts contend that new generations of workers are less willing to sacrifice time with family than their counterparts of previous eras. This desire to spend more time at home and avoid long commutes is advertized as a key factor in making telecommuting an attractive benefit. Finally, new technologies have made working from home a viable alternative. With the advent of high speed modems, fax machines, voice mail, powerful personal computers, electronic mail, and cell phones to name a few, workers can now perform their jobs without losing touch with employers and customers. We are on the edge of a new era of telecommunications that will impact our lives and how we work and how we become productive in the 21st century. Society will be enhanced with workers that are happy with their work and life balance, the environment will be made better and companies that invest time in their telecommuters will continue to help their bottom line. Telecommuting may prove to be an effective means to enhance our lives and improve our productivity on this new frontier and I conclude that the strategy should be to find ways to enhance the capabilities for future telecommuters.

Personal Statement Essay Example for Free

Personal Statement Essay In rerouting my life for a better future, I have chosen to pursue computer science. Upon setting foot in Houston Community College (HCC), I enrolled in engineering chemistry. However, I have decided to seriously take computer science in the prestigious school of University of California (UC). My desire to switch course and school has been influenced by the fact that I find less satisfaction with the present course I am taking. Until, I realized that computer science is my professional call and UC will be the best school that will fully educate me and will develop my skills and capabilities to its maximum potential. My intention and interest to take computer science is brought by the fact that today’s era is marked by computer and technology. The technological innovation is unstoppable and drastic. Through which, the demand for computer scientists has also intensified. In addition, my interest in computer science is molded by my innate interest in math and chemistry. Even as a kid, I had been excelling in math. I believe that my talent in loving and easily grasping the complexities of math is a God’s given ability that will eventually lead me to the life I had always wanted. As such, I want to blend my talent with the demand in the society in the field of computer science. Furthermore, I have considered that having a career in technologically- innovated field would effectively make me a better person and a contributor to the society. As an ordinary person, I also wished to be of help to other people, especially to the needy. In this era, I have seen many who are still striving to adopt the culture and to learn computer. For some students and other unemployed, they find their innocence and ignorance to technology as an adversity that hinders them to change their life for the better. Among the unemployed, they have admitted having been denied work due to their inadequate knowledge in computers. As a good citizen, I want to help in minimizing this common problem in the society. This could also be my chance to help in giving hope to those who are discouraged because of their ignorance in technology. For this reason, I have made a firm decision to pursue computer science. Interestingly, the church has been one of the major influences in my life and to my decisions. In church, helping other people is always reiterated. Even to an ordinary person, it is natural to extend help to others. At church, I had been an active member of the band as a singer and sometimes playing the drums. During services, our band leads the song. Through my membership in church activities, my self-esteem and socialization skills have been improved. Significantly, leading the whole church to sing and maintaining the momentum of praise is not an easy task. Taking the lead in singing is important in order to give the expectation of the church-goers and try to persuade them to sing in chorus. Aside from that, it is also important that the message of the song is being delivered well and understood by the attendees. In doing so, it is necessary that the songs that are being played correspond to the mood of the people. In addition to my membership in a band, the church to where I am affiliated also exposed us to charity works and volunteering activities. Some of the activities include mentoring children about values and religious teachings. We also initiated programs for the underprivileged by going to their places and provide foods and clothing. My experiences and membership in a group greatly improved my perception about friendship and trust. Significantly, my involvement in community services has nurtured my idea on grace and benevolence. As a band member, I had the chance of meeting real friends I can truly trust for every simple secret shared. In doing community service, I felt the satisfaction that any material things can ever offer to me. Having seen a smile among the children happy in receiving our aids brought joy to my heart. From there, I committed myself to maximize my capability in helping other people. I also realized that it is through extending financial and emotional help and eventually changing other’s life for the better is a way by which I can truly say to myself that I am an asset of the society. For these noble reasons, I decided to pursue computer science. As a human being, mere experiences and perception of the future is not enough motivation or factor in achieving goals. Values and characters are also important for it helps one in making his decisions and on how he looks at things. In life, there are plenty of struggles that everyone has to meet. These struggles may comprise of problems and temptations. As for me, I have plenty of struggles that have kept on pulling me down from fulfilling my dreams. The diversity factor is one thing that usually weakens my self-esteem. Aside from that, I am also living away from my family which makes me feel alone most often. However, I have to overcome these adversities in order to achieve my dreams. In having this kind of thinking, being optimistic has helped me a lot. Since childhood, I always viewed things in the positive light. I try not to be discouraged by any disappointments that may come in my life. My battles with diversity have been won through optimism and courage. Furthermore, in surviving the trials in life and in ensuring success in the future, I believe that it is vital to be honest, persistent, and determined in everything that I have to do. Before coming here in United States and since childhood, my parents have reiterated the importance of these values in life. As I grew old, I realized that my parents are right. At this stage of my life, I need to be persistent and determined so that I will be able to fulfill my purpose in life.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Engine Oil Pan And Functions

Engine Oil Pan And Functions This report will analyze the engine oil pan as one of metallic component in car application. The analysis will cover the role of the component, the material for the component and the properties of the material. We will cover the process of how the properties are achieved. We will also analyzing the alternative material suitable for the specific component, compare and contrast with the alternative material. Introduction Engine oil pan is a simple automotive component with a very simple function. However, it is very vital for youre the engine part to operate properly. By understanding the function, the specific requirement and the material for an oil pan, it would help us to understand more on material selection for specific automotive applications. Engine Oil Pan and Functions For engine to work at its best, it must be running at a specific operating temperature. This temperature can only be maintained with the aid of engine oil that acts as a coolant. Subsequently, it needs a component to store the oil and continuously reuse it. That is the main function of the engine oil pan. Besides a storage component, oil pan will also collect some of the residue picks by engine oil while passing through the engine. Oil pan also served as a bottom cover of engines. Component Condition and Requirement In relative to the oil pan application, certain condition and requirement of the material should be meet. First, the material for the component should have a good corrosion resistance. It is to ensure that the oil in the sump will not contaminated. Even though the function of the oil pan is not for cooling, but the good thermal conductivity property will give an advantage for the application. Furthermore, it has to have a good ductility to prevent crack or damage due to stone impact. Low density in material will be a great advantage for the component, as it will reduce the weight. Above all, the most important criteria for the component are the ability to sustain the operating temperature of the engine. However, the engine operating temperature is considered low for all kind of metallic material to withstand. Materials and Properties for Oil Pan application In this paper, we will analyze the properties of cast aluminum alloy as a material for the oil pan. Aluminum alloy (2.7 g/cmà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ µ) is characterized as a nonferrous alloy, which relatively low density material compare to steel (7.9 g/cmà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ µ) (Callister 2007). Beside low in density, it is also comparatively high thermal conductivity and inherent corrosive resistance in some common environment. Furthermore, the ductility of Aluminum alloys is retained at low temperature due to Aluminum has a FCC crystal structure (fig. 1-1). Face Centered Cubic Crystal Structure. In hard sphere unit (a), a reduced sphere unit (b) and in aggregate of many atoms. An important characteristic of this material is the specific strength, which is determined by the tensile strength to specific gravity ratio (Callister, 2007). Even though aluminum alloy have a tensile strength relatively compare to the higher density material (such as steel), on a weight basis it will able sustain a larger load (Callister,2007). In particular to the casting alloys use for productions of oil pan in automotive industry, the die casting process is used. In general the AlSiMg alloys is use for the production of the oil pans. Table 1.1 Composition, Mechanical properties and common application for cast-heat treatable Aluminum alloys (Callister, 2007) Silicon in the range of 5 to 12% by weight is the most important element in aluminum alloying due to ability to increase the fluidity of the molten metal as well as strengthens the aluminum. Magnesium in the range of 0.3 to 1 % by weight is added to increase strength (Smith, 2004). The silicon content in the component will cause the formation of acicular silicon. It will cause the considerable reduction in the ductility of the component. Therefore the heat treatment is necessary for the component, after molding process. It is to obtain the appropriate adequate mechanical properties with respect to hardness and ductility. The heat treatment process at an appropriate temperature and for an appropriate duration is carried out to produce the component with a different hardness. In this case, production of oil pan used the solution heat treatment and followed by artificial aging process, indicate by (T6) in table 1.1. As for the oil pan, in the region of a flange is kept untreated in order to retain high level of hardness and low level of ductility. Thus, the hardness will be 85 to 110 HB and the ductility of 0.5 to 2.5%. While on the base region, it is heat treated appropriately to create a hardness of 55 to 80 HB and ductility greater than 4%. Hence, the ductility is increased and the hardness is reduced. Properties of Aluminum Alloy suit the Oil Pan Requirements Aforementioned, we had discussed the condition and requirement of the oil pan application. Through the material analysis of Aluminum alloy, we found that aluminum alloy has a good corrosive resistance. Furthermore, the mechanical property of aluminum alloy as good thermal conductivity would provide a better heat dissipation for the engine oil. Through solution heat treatment process the aluminum oil pan have had a sufficient ductility to sustain stone impact from bottom. With a considerably good hardness the aluminum alloy oil pan would maintain the component shape from deformation due some level of impact. Comparison to other possible materials for oil pan Other material commonly used to produce oil pan is low carbon steel. Oil pans made of steel are produced with a stamp forming process. Physically, in contrast to the aluminum alloy oil pan, the steel oil pan is light in weight. It is because it was produce with a thin steel sheet compare to a thicker cast aluminum alloy oil pan. Based on properties of the material, steel oil pan has a higher ductility but less hardness compare to aluminum oil pan that has high hardness and low ductility. Advantage in having high ductility material is the ability to withstand impact without crack or damage. The comparison of those material (Table 1.2) shows the difference in elasticity, which the modulus of elasticity determined the resistance to elastic deformation. The greater the modulus (Steel alloy) the stiffer the material will be. However, with that property the shape of the component will easily deformed. In case of oil pan application, it might damage other component inside the pan such as oil strainer. Other advantage of the aluminum oil pan in contrast to steel oil pan is the ability to acts as a noise shield, especially on diesel engine. In term of heat dissipation, aluminum oil pan will have advantage in dissipating more head compare to steel oil pan. Table 1.2 Room temperature Elastic, Shear Modulus and Poissons Ratio for Aluminum Alloy and Steel Alloy. Aluminum Aluminum offers many advantages over other materials. Some of these include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Light weight (~2/3 the weight of steel) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Machinability à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ High strength-to-weight ratio à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Non-oxidizing when exposed to air à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Excellent heat dissipation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ High electrical conductivity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Can be cast by all common casting methods à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Heat treatable for higher strength and hardness Willian D. Callister, Jr. (2007). Materials science and engineering : an introduction, 7th Edition. United States of America, John Wiley Sons, Inc. Martin, J W.(2006). Materials for Engineering. Cambridge, Woodhead Publishing, Limited William F. Smith (2004).Foundation of Material Science and Engineering, Third edition.New York, McGraw-Hill.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

The Changing Information Environment :: Technology Technological Essays

The Changing Information Environment The phrase, "nothing is permanent except change itself" certainly applies when it comes to technology. In the past 10 years, because of changes in technology, expectations about providing and accessing information have changed dramatically. Instead of waiting to receive information from a provider or making a trip to the library, the current assumption is that information will be instantly available through the Internet. Previously, an intermediary such as a librarian may have performed the service of selecting information, but now the user is faced with sifting through and selecting the most relevant material from what frequently is an information glut. Although some individuals are comfortable with and relish the changing information environment, others may be struggling with understanding and managing the changes. Once change was incremental and meant more of the same, only better. Today, however, we are experiencing discontinuous change in many areas of life. Discontinuous change makes it impossible to predict with any confidence what will happen, so it does not guarantee more of the same (Handy 1991, cited in Edwards and Walton 1998). The movement of information resources from internal library holdings to external, electronically accessible materials represents both an incremental and discontinuous change (Edwards and Walton 1998). The information is still available (i.e., more of the same, only better), but the new information environment places new demands on the information user. These demands make it impossible to predict whether the information sought will be acquired, how useful the information will be, and so forth. Although these same issues may have existed before, a familiar information provider could then be consulted for assistance. Many websites offer contact information for ass istance or further information but the quality of this assistance, its timeliness, and so forth are unknown. Understanding the changes that are occurring in the information environment can help reduce the uncertainty that accompanies change. From the users perspective, some of the uncertainties might be the extent to which they should become dependent on technology for information, the changes in their roles related to accessing and selecting information, and possible feelings of inadequacy related to understanding and keeping up with the technology. Rather than reacting negatively, individuals can adopt a perspective that changes are ultimately productive and beneficial. Adopting this perspective can help in gaining a sense of control over the changes, especially the rate at which electronic systems change and the fact "that some aspects of the new electronic environment are paradoxical" (ibid.

Friday, July 19, 2019

The Theme of Saints in Robertson Davies Fifth Business Essay -- Saint

The marvelous story of saints is one of the leading themes in Fifth Business. As the author Robertson Davies develops this theme through Dunstan’s journey into hagiology, he often uses certain saints such as Saint Dunstan, as allusions. Among the Saints that the novel refers to, Saint Paul is the perfect allusion that portrays the character of Paul Dempster since the two share strong similarities in their lives. Additionally, Saint Paul foreshadows Dunstan’s encounter with Paul Dempster. Saint Paul’s life is similar to Paul Dempster’s life in many ways. Both of them develop their hatred from an early age. Saint Paul was a Jewish student who hated Christians whom he believed to be infidels. As he grows in status, he assists in persecuting them. Similarly, Dempster has an abhorrence for his mother and her inanity which made him the laughingstock in his town. He penalizes his mother for causing him to endure such ignominy by running away. Furthermore, their display of hatred also leads them to attain and sustain a second life. Saint Paul and Paul Dempster are both reborn in their life...

To work or not to work? :: Journalism Journalistic Papers

To work or not to work? Why the educated homemaker is opting out of the workplace and why other women are not It’s 5 a.m. and Laura Williams squints at her computer’s bright light. She presses the letters on her keyboard and replies to as many emails as she can before another busy day at her full-time job begins. After she makes breakfast for her family, her husband Ryan gets their daughters, Emma, 4, and Anna, 18 months, ready. Then the Williams family sets out to drop Emma at pre-school, and then mom and Anna drop dad at work. Sounds like your typical family morning: the family gets ready, the kids go off to school, and mom and dad go off to work, right? Well, sort-of. Seven years ago, 29-year-old Laura Williams was living the professional life she always imagined. Armed with a degree in social work from Cornell, Williams had an impressive resume that could practically name her job of choice. But today, she’s living the life she never imagined she would have: she’s a stay-at-home mom. Williams is a part of a growing national trend where educated women earning good salaries temporarily ‘opt out’ of the workplace to take care of their children. With professional experience ranging from public relations at XEROX to handling media affairs for 1997 U.S. Poet Laureate Robert Pinsky at Boston University, Williams had employers from Rochester, N.Y. and Cambridge, Mass. offering her higher paying and higher power jobs. But the newly married, successful professional was also thinking about starting a family. So Williams turned down these career advancing offers and continued at the Boston University Public Relations Office. â€Å"I knew early on that I did not want an 80-hour per week job,† said Williams. â€Å"Getting a graduate degree, working part-time, and starting a family are three things that did not mesh.† Williams, 36, who described herself as a go-getter, said she always felt ambitious while growing up. â€Å"I knew I wanted to work professionally,† she said. â€Å"I always thought I would work part-time and have children.† But after working at BU through her first pregnancy and simultaneously taking graduate classes at the university, Williams became anxious; yet she wasn’t ready to walk away. â€Å"This was definitely the most stressful time in my life,† said Williams, whose own mom was a stay-at-home mom. â€Å"At the time you think you can do it all, but finally I approached my boss and convinced him to let me work from home.

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Toni Morrison’s Beloved: The Effects of Slavery on Family Bonds

Toni Morrison’s novel Beloved analyzes the effects of slavery on the lives of the African Americans in a very original and profound way. Instead of telling a story about the violence of the white slave masters and about the sufferings of the black people, Morrison reviews the way in which slavery affects the sense of selfhood and identity in the African Americans. The enslaved self cannot relate to the world in the same way as the free self. The master and slave bond is reenacted in the family relationships of the former slaves.Thus, the text investigates the perpetuation of violence and possessiveness after the liberation of the African Americans has taken place. The climax of the novel is indeed an extremely violent moment- Sethe, a runaway slave from the Sweet Home plantation attempts to murder her own children in order to protect them from future slavery. She only has time to kill her baby daughter, Beloved, before the white men stop her. The black slave thus turns the vio lence that was done to her against her own children in two ways: first of all, Sethe kills her daughter because she thinks death would be better her than a life of slavery.However, this violent reaction of the mother has another meaning as well: she acts as if her children were her own possession, as if she were a white master herself. However, motherhood is not the only relationship that is affected by the dark past.Morrison’s novel exemplifies, through a number of relationships, the way in which slavery affects the unity of the traditional African family. In this respect, Beloved traces the reconstruction of African American identity and of the African family as a central structure of society, after the freedom has been obtained.Thus, Toni Morrison’s novel is a different type of slave narrative, told from the point of view of the African Americans, and focusing on the psychological effects of the slavery on selfhood, identity and love. First of all, the bond that is most investigated in the novel is that between the mothers and their children.Through this however, the author points at the destructive force that slavery has on the entire African American community, and especially on the family. Motherhood symbolizes creation and as such, it is the center of any human society.Morrison reveals the violence of white people indirectly, through the murder performed by the mother against her own child, which is obviously a remnant of master and slave relationship. The relationship between Sethe and her daughter Beloved, who haunts her first as a ghost and then as a nineteen old girl, is certainly the central one in the novel and the one that best represents the extent to which slavery can affect the human nature. The master/slave bond is essentially based on dependence, violence, transgression of boundaries.Selfhood for the black people was reduced to the definition of the white men, who took possession of them as if they were objects and not human be ings. The motive that the whites used to justify the slavery of the blacks was always the fact that the latter were savages.Morrison deftly inverses this statement, and points to the fact that the jungle was actually created by the white people, who annihilated the sense of selfhood and humanity in the slaves: â€Å"Whitepeople believed that whatever the manners, under every dark skin was a jungle.Swift unnavigable waters, swinging screaming baboons, sleeping snakes, red gums ready for their sweet white blood. . . . But it wasn't the jungle blacks brought with them to this place from the other place. It was the jungle whitefolks planted in them. And it grew.It spread†¦. The screaming baboon lived under their own white skin; the red gums were their own. (Morrison, 198-199) The strong bond between Sethe and her children reflects this ownership of the slaves by their masters.The jungle that was planted by the white people in the blacks through slavery is mirrored in the Setheâ₠¬â„¢s violence. The murdering act of Sethe can thus be explained: she does not know herself and mistakes her own identity with the fate of her children.Unable to see herself as an independent person, Sethe clings to her role as a mother and becomes extremely possessive. She mistakes her own identity with her motherhood, and thus, in a way, reenacts the violence of the white masters against her.Sethe feels she has no power over her own self because the white people had crossed all the boundaries and not only taken everything she possessed physically, but everything she had dreamed as well: ‘†Those white things have taken all I had or dreamed,' she said, ‘and broke my heartstrings too.There is no bad luck in the world but whitefolks. ‘†(Morrison, 89) It is obvious that the â€Å"whitefolks† are â€Å"bad luck†, that is, for the black slaves they were the instruments of destiny itself, trough the power have over their lives.Thus, when Sethe k ills her infant daughter, she obviously acts, although out of love, as a white master would. As Malmgren remarks, Sethe’s violent act against her own child is actually a perpetuation of the logic of slavery: â€Å"Sethe so identifies her Self with the well-being of her children that she denies their existence as autonomous Others, in so doing unconsciously perpetuating the logic of slavery. †(Malmgren, 103) Morrison’s novel thus reflects the violence of the white race against the black one indirectly, showing how weak the theory that the African American are less than human has proven over time.The white people are actually the ones who took their humanity by treating them as objects or animals. Beloved therefore reviews the manner in which the master/slave bond affects the selfhood of the former slaves, to the point that it is replicated in Sethe’s murder o her own daughter.Motherhood is exemplified in the novel not only in the relationship between Sethe and Beloved, but also in the relationships between Ma’ma and Sethe, or Baby Suggs and her own children. Infanticide seems to have been rather common among the former slaves, as a means of protecting their children.Although Sethe had barely known her mother, she is told that the latter also killed her children, all but herself since she was the only one begotten in love with a black man and not through the rape of a white master: â€Å"She told Sethe that her mother and Nan were together from the sea.Both were taken up many times by the crew. ‘She threw them all away but you. The one from the crew she threw away on the island. The others from more whites she also threw away. Without name she threw them. You she gave the name of the black man. She put her arms around him.The others she did not put her arms around. Never. Never. Telling you. I am telling you, small girl Sethe. ’†(Morrison, 98) As Demetrakopoulos points out, the slavery affected motherhood in such a way that it permitted the excessive and protective love to endeavor guard the child from the cruelty of life itself: â€Å"In this act, Morrison gives us the most searching portrait I know of the paradoxical polarities in motherhood. For Sethe the children are better off dead, their fantasy futures protected from the heinous reality of slavery.It is better, Sethe's act argues, to die in the cradle than to live out one's full life span soul-dead, a zombie/ puppet daily treading the process requirements of someone else's life and needs. The child as the adult's fantasy of the future is obviously central to Sethe's murder of Beloved. †( Demetrakopoulos, 53)In this way, motherhood crosses the normal limits of human love and seems to be reminiscent of the instinctual bonds between the animals and their babies: â€Å"Even her escape from slavery was not really for herself.Her swollen breasts and the baby kicking within pressed her onward to the baby waiting for her milk. B iological necessity made her create a life that would allow her children to grow up. Sethe carries Beloved on her conscience and in her heart. For the mother, the dead child is maternity in potentia, the mother truncated.( Demetrakopoulos, 54)The white domineering culture that enslaved the black is the main cause of this displacement of identity in all the characters in the novel.Although in the text the ghost and then the embodiment of Beloved appear as the main motives for the destabilization and deterioration of all the other family relationships, it is clear that the murdered child represents not only motherhood but also love itself. The possessive and narcissistic love that is exemplified in the relation between Sethe and Beloved replaces the normal emotions for the troubled self. This kind of love that ignores the boundaries of selfhood is obviously the result of the years of slavery and dependence.The liberated self does not know its own substance and limits: â€Å"Beloved/ You are my sister/ You are my daughter/ You are my face; you are me/ I have found you again; you have come back to me/ You are my Beloved/ You are mine/ You are mine/ You are mine. † (Morrison, 216)Paul D fears Sethe's love precisely because he realizes it is extremely powerful and fierce : â€Å"This here new Sethe didn't know where the world stopped and she began . . . more important than what Sethe had done was what she claimed.It scared him†(Morrison, 90) As Barbara Schapiro emphasizes in her study called The Bonds of Love and the Boundaries of Self in Toni Morrison's Beloved, Morrison constructs in her novel precisely the kind of love that is based on possession, dependence and entrapment to show that the consequences of slavery affect the sense of self in the individuals: â€Å"Toni Morrison Beloved penetrates, perhaps more deeply than any historical or psychological study could, the unconscious emotional and psychic consequences of slavery.The novel reveals how the condition of enslavement in the external world, particularly the denial of one's status as a human subject, has deep repercussions in the individual's internal world. These internal resonances are so profound that even if one is eventually freed from external bondage, the self will still be trapped in an inner world that prevents a genuine experience of freedom. †(Iyasere, 155) Paul D calls this type of love that Sethe manifests for himself and for her children â€Å"too thick†, as if it were undiluted by the sense of identity.This type of love, that Sethe has shown in killing he baby daughter is afterwards perpetuated by her in her relationship with the ghost, with Beloved and with Paul D. Thus, the very opening of the novel plunges into Sethe’s world and briefly exposes the nature of the relationships in her family. The house itself is called â€Å"spiteful†, that is haunted by the dark past in the form of Beloved’s ghost. The two sons of Seth e have left and Baby Suggs is dead, all because of Beloved’s ghost.Slavery thus still haunts the lives of the liberated people, and not only in the form of guilt. The fact that the murdered daughter is named â€Å"Beloved† hints to the way in which emotions have been affected and altered: â€Å"124 was spiteful. Full of baby's venom. The women in the house knew it and so did the children. For years, each put up with the spite in his own way, but by 1873 Sethe and her daughter Denver were its only victims.The grandmother, Baby Suggs, was dead, and the sons, Howard and Buglar, had run away by the time they were thirteen years old — as soon as merely looking in the mirror shattered it (that was the signal for Buglar); as soon as two tiny handprints appeared in the cake (that was it for Howard).Neither boy waited to see more, another kettleful of chick peas smoking in a heap on the floor: soda crackers crumbled and strewn in a line next to the doorsill. Nor did the y wait for one of the relief periods: the weeks, months even, when nothing was disturbed.No. Each one fled at once — the moment the house committed what was for him the one insult not to be borne or witnessed a second time. † (Morrison, 3) Heller showed that Morrison’s novel is an attempt at reconstructing of the family relationships, which had been so much influenced and deteriorated by the slavery system: â€Å"As a study of the connection between the historical and the familial, Beloved is concerned with the healing of the black American family and the â€Å"reconstruction† of kinship structures.These structures had been violated by the cruel fact of family life under the slavery system: as enslaved Africans, women and men had no right to themselves, to one another, or to their children. †(Heller, 108) Love and family relationships are clearly affected by the question of identity.For the former slave identity is still undefined since he had been so long treated as an object which has a certain price but no value as a human being. In some of the plantations, the slaves were not allowed to have their own families, and the black women were often raped by their masters.In these conditions, it is obvious that the people had no sense of self and therefore could not relate to someone else. As Carl Malmgren comments in his study Mixed Genres and the Logic of Slavery, the novel points to the way in which love is affected by the loss of identity: â€Å"The novel thus meditates upon and mediates between the various forms that love takes. In this regard, its dominant theme is the problematic of love, particularly as regards the question of identity. †(Malmgren, 105)Denver, Sethe’s second daughter is also affected by Sethe’s love for her dead child. She intuitively feels that the relationship between Beloved and Sethe is wrong, and she lives with the anxiety that the mother could at any time repeat the murderous act and maybe kill her too: â€Å"All the time, I'm afraid the thing that happened that made it all right for my mother to kill my sister could happen again. I don't know what it is, I don't know who it is, but maybe there is something else terrible enough to make her do it again.I need to know what that thing might be, but I don't want to. Whatever it is, it comes from outside this house, outside the yard, and it can come right on in the yard if it wants to. So I never leave this house and I watch over the yard, so it can't happen again and my mother won't have to kill me too. † (Morrison, 205)Denver is actually the one that saves Sethe by deciding to go out of the house in search of food, and to break thus the mother’s total isolation. She makes therefore the first step to establish a relationship between herself and the outside world.She also evinces a much stronger sense of identity in her desire to listen to stories that only talked about her: â€Å"Denver hated the stories her mother told that did not concern herself, which is why Amy was all she ever asked about. The rest was a gleaming, powerful world made more so by Denver's absence from it.Not being in it, she hated it and wanted Beloved to hate it too, although there was no chance of that at all. â€Å"(Morrison, 62) Teresa N. Washington in The Mother- Daughter Aje Relationship in Toni Morrison’s’ Beloved’ shows that Beloved actually is a symbolic incarnation of the African American consciousness coming back to life:â€Å"But in having equated her best self with her children, making the decision to save that precious self, and summoning the self for a discussion, Sethe comes face to face with her spirit, her embodied conscience, and her own (and all her people’s past. )† (Washington, 184) Thus, it is the white culture that first took possession of the black people’s selves and identities, thus destabilizing the entire African American community: â€Å"Anybody white could take your whole self for anything that came to mind. Not just work, kill, or maim you, but dirty you.Dirty you so bad you couldn't like yourself anymore†¦The best things she was, was her children.. â€Å"(Morrison, 251) The novel concludes with the hope of Sethe’s regaining of her lost self: â€Å"You your best thing, Sethe. You are. † â€Å"Me? Me? † (Morrison, 273).The master and slave relationship is also based on dependence, and this is why Sethe has no sense of her real, independent self. She does not even dare to â€Å"go ahead and feel† for example: â€Å"Would it be all right? Would it be all right to go ahead and feel? Go ahead and count on something? † (Morrison, 38).This re-appropriation of the self is a symbol for the reconstruction of the African American identity and culture, and an example of the way in which the past can be accepted. The sense selfhood and the consolidation of the family bonds repre sent the consolidation of the African American community.Works Cited: Demetrakopoulos, Stephanie A. â€Å"Maternal bonds as devourers of women's individuation in Toni Morrison's Beloved. † African American Review. 1992. Vol. 26(1): 51-60.Heller, Dana. †Reconstructing kin: Family, history, and narrative in Toni Morrison's Beloved. † College Literature. Vol. 21(2). 1994.Horvitz, Deborah. â€Å"Nameless Ghosts: Possession and Dispossession in Beloved,† in Studies in American Fiction, Vol. 17, No. 2, 1989, pp. 157-67.Iyasere, Marla and Solomon Iyasere. Understanding Toni Morrison's Beloved and Sula: Selected Essays and Criticisms of the Works by the Nobel Prize-Winning Author. Troy: Whitston Publishing, 2000.Malmgren, Carl. â€Å"Mixed Genres and the Logic of Slavery in Toni Morrison’s Beloved. † Critique. 1995. Vol. 36(2).Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York: Knopf, 1987. Washington, Teresa. The Mother- Daughter Aje Relationship in Toni Morrisonâ₠¬â„¢s’ Beloved’.

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

French Rev

THE FRENCH alteration PAST YEAR ESSAY QUESTIONS no PAPER ESSAY QUESTION 1 O/N 2001 why did Louis sixteen fail to match the demands of the revolutionaries in France during the point 1789-1793? 2 M/J 2002 why did the cut revolution become progressively radical during the years 1789-94? 3 O/N 2003 Which of the grievances of the Third Estate in France in 1789 were the most key? apologise your answer. 4 O/N 2004 How remote and why did the aims of revolutionaries in France change during the point from 1789 to 1793? 5 O/N 2005 why during the issue 1789 to 1793 did Louis XVI fail to satisfy the demands of the french revolutionaries? 6 M/J 2006 From 1789 to 1799, who posed the much dangerous threats to the French Revolution its internal or its remote enemies? 7 M/J 2007 wherefore did Louis XVIs policies from 1789 fail to go on his execution in 1793? 8 O/N 2008 Why did the French ancien governance collapse in 1789? 9 0/N 2009/(11) The economic difficulties of France i n 1789 were more serious than the political problems. How far do you agree with this judgement? 10 O/N 2009/(12) How far, and why, did the aims of the revolutionaries in France change during the period from 1789 to the execution of Louis XVI in 1793? 11 M/J 2010/ (13) The most important problem of the French ancient politics was poor quality leadership. How far do you agree with this judgement? 12 O/N 2010/ (11) Why did the rulers of France from 1789 to 1799 fail to endorse on power? 13 O/N 2010/ (13) Why did the summoning of the Estate-General in 1789 not solve the problems of the ancient government? 14 M/J 2011/(11) Why was Louis XVI executed in 1793? 15 M/J 2011/ (13) Did Robespierre and the Jacobins do more to save or to endanger the French Revolution? 16 O/N 2011/ (12) Explain the rise and fall of the Jacobins in France during the period from 1789 to 1794. 17 O/N 2011/ (13) Why were the attempts to reform the ancient governance in France up to 1789 unsuccessful?